Describe the following aspects of nitrogen chemistry:
a) the lack of reactivity of under normal conditions, with reference to bond strength and polarity; b) the basicity of according to the Brønsted–Lowry theory, including the formation of the ammonium ion; c) the displacement of from an ammonium salt by a base; d) the natural and anthropogenic sources of nitrogen oxides ( and ) and their roles in: i) the formation of acid rain, including the catalytic oxidation of ; ii) the formation of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) as a component of photochemical smog.